Seoul, South Korea – The Korean won (KRW) experienced a volatile trading day on Tuesday, breaching the 1,400 mark against the US dollar (USD) to settle at 1,398, its weakest closing in approximately five months. This significant dip below the psychologically important 1,400 level, last seen on November 29th of the previous year (1,394.70), underscores the complex interplay of international trade dynamics, regional currency movements, and evolving monetary policies. Market analysts point to a confluence of factors, including cautious optimism surrounding upcoming US-China trade negotiations and the temporary strengthening of Asian currencies during a recent holiday period, as key drivers of this fluctuating exchange rate.

The trading session opened with a sharp downward trajectory for the KRW/USD pair, plummeting by 25.30 won to 1,380. Intraday trading saw the rate briefly touch 1,379.70, marking its lowest point in six months since November 6th, 2024 – a period preceding the full impact of the then-incoming Trump administration's economic policies. This initial surge in the won's value was largely attributed to the prevailing sentiment during the holiday break that the US might exert pressure on major Asian economies, including South Korea, to allow their currencies to appreciate. This speculation of a potential "Asian Plaza Accord," reminiscent of the 1985 agreement that weakened the US dollar against other major currencies, had temporarily bolstered regional currencies. The offshore non-deliverable forward (NDF) market even witnessed the one-month KRW/USD rate briefly dipping to 1,357.81, further fueling expectations of a stronger won.

Adding to this downward pressure was the anticipation of the first formal discussions between US and Chinese trade representatives, scheduled to take place in Switzerland later in the week. Market participants interpreted this engagement as a potential de-escalation of trade tensions between the two economic giants, typically leading to a weaker dollar and stronger emerging market currencies like the won.

However, the early morning gains for the won proved short-lived. Around mid-morning, the exchange rate reversed course, embarking on a steady climb that continued until the close of the trading week. By early afternoon, the KRW/USD had once again surpassed the 1,400 threshold, highlighting the inherent volatility in the current global economic landscape. The intraday swing, with a difference of 22.80 won between the lowest and highest points (1,402.50), underscored the competing forces influencing the currency market.

Analysts suggest that the won's subsequent weakening was primarily triggered by developments in China's monetary policy. The People's Bank of China's recent decision to lower the reserve requirement ratio for banks, a move aimed at injecting more liquidity into the Chinese economy, is typically associated with a weaker yuan (CNY). Given the close economic ties between South Korea and China, a weakening yuan often exerts downward pressure on the Korean won. Moon Hong-cheol, a currency analyst at DB Securities, explicitly stated that the yuan's depreciation was the primary driver behind the won's reversal.

Furthermore, the initial concerns about a forceful US-led currency appreciation agreement targeting Asian economies began to subside. Market participants seemingly reassessed the likelihood and potential impact of such an accord, leading to a moderation of the earlier strong won bias. This shift in sentiment was reflected in the broader weakening of other Asian currencies, including the Japanese yen (JPY), alongside the Korean won on Tuesday. The KRW/JPY cross rate, for instance, rose by 9.70 won to 978 won per 100 yen, indicating a relative weakening of the won against the yen.

Looking ahead, the outlook for the KRW/USD exchange rate remains uncertain, influenced by a multitude of global and regional factors. The Korea Center for International Finance cited projections from Citigroup, suggesting a medium-term trading range of 1,350 to 1,460 won per dollar. This wide forecast reflects the inherent unpredictability in currency markets, particularly in the face of ongoing geopolitical tensions and evolving economic policies.

South Korean foreign exchange authorities, who have historically been more concerned about excessive won appreciation potentially harming the nation's export competitiveness, are now acknowledging the emergence of downward pressure on the currency. An unnamed official commented on the need to monitor volatility in both directions, signaling a more nuanced approach to managing the exchange rate in the current environment. This acknowledgment suggests that the authorities are prepared to intervene in the market to mitigate excessive fluctuations, regardless of the direction.

The recent колебания in the KRW/USD exchange rate serve as a stark reminder of the interconnectedness of global financial markets and the multitude of factors that can influence currency valuations. The interplay between US-China trade dynamics, regional currency movements, and the monetary policies of major economies will continue to shape the trajectory of the won in the coming months, requiring close monitoring by policymakers, businesses, and investors alike. The upcoming US-China trade talks in Switzerland will be particularly crucial in setting the tone for future exchange rate movements and broader economic relations in the region.